Techno-economic and environmental analysis of an integrated standalone hybrid solar hydrogen system to supply CCHP loads of a greenhouse in Iran

The techno-economic and environmental performance of hybrid solar hydrogen energy systems was investigated to provide combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) demands of a standalone greenhouse in Iran to achieve sustainable agriculture based on an optimization procedure. From the environmental point of view, by deploying hybrid energy systems, 83%, to 100% of emissions can be avoided. Also a sensitivity analysis was performed on the hybrid energy systems in order to study the effect of major parameter variation on the systems justification. It was concluded that hybrid solar systems are economically competitive with conventional systems, for high solar intensity locations with high diesel fuel prices and decreased prices for PV and hydrogen storage technology.     

Fine‐resolution conservation planning with limited climate‐change information

Climate‐change induced uncertainties in future spatial patterns of conservation‐related outcomes make it difficult to implement standard conservation‐planning paradigms. A recent study translates Markowitz's risk‐diversification strategy from finance to conservation settings, enabling conservation agents to use this diversification strategy for allocating conservation and restoration investments across space to minimize the risk associated with such uncertainty. However, this method is information intensive and requires a large number of forecasts of ecological outcomes associated with possible climate‐change scenarios for carrying out fine‐resolution conservation planning. We developed a technique for iterative, spatial portfolio analysis that can be used to allocate scarce conservation resources across a desired level of subregions in a planning landscape in the absence of a sufficient number of ecological forecasts. We applied our technique to the Prairie Pothole Region in central North America. A lack of sufficient future climate information prevented attainment of the most efficient risk‐return conservation outcomes in the Prairie Pothole Region. The difference in expected conservation returns between conservation planning with limited climate‐change information and full climate‐change information was as large as 30% for the Prairie Pothole Region even when the most efficient iterative approach was used. However, our iterative approach allowed finer resolution portfolio allocation with limited climate‐change forecasts such that the best possible risk‐return combinations were obtained. With our most efficient iterative approach, the expected loss in conservation outcomes owing to limited climate‐change information could be reduced by 17% relative to other iterative approaches.     

Reviving wood-pastures for biodiversity and people: A case study from western Estonia

Wood-pastures are associated with high cultural and biodiversity values in Europe. However, due to their relatively low productivity, large areas of wood-pastures have been lost over the last century. In some areas, incentive schemes have been developed to revive wood-pastures. We investigated the effects of one such scheme in western Estonia. We compared the structure of grazed wood-pastures (old and restored) to those of abandoned wood-pastures and ungrazed forest stands to explore the effects of management, and conducted interviews with 24 farmers to investigate their motivations to carry out the management. We found a positive influence of active management on the semi-open structure of wood-pastures. Financial support was vital for management, but personal values related to tradition also played an important role. The interviewees differed widely in their range of motivations, suggesting that other strategies in addition to financial incentives would further improve the management of wood-pastures in the region.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0719-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

优化城镇污水处理厂运行管理的探讨

结合城镇污水处理厂运行管理经验,探讨通过优化工艺控制、科学合理的生产调度、强化设备管理、加强安全管理和成本管理控制等措施,来实现优化城镇污水处理厂的运行管理;从而有利于污水处理厂实现安全生产、稳定达标、高效运行。通过优化和强化城镇污水处理厂运行管理,不仅有利于充分发挥污水处理厂污水治理的环境效益,在国家节能减排工作中发挥更大的作用;同时有利于污水处理厂进一步降低运行成本、开源节流,实现污水处理厂的可持续发展。     

流体剪切与超声空化破解剩余污泥的参数优化

为提高剩余污泥的破解效果并降低能耗,采用FS（fluid shear,流体剪切）、UC（ultrasonic cavitation,超声空化）、FS和UC联合工艺（FS-UC,UC-FS）破解剩余污泥,并应用单因素试验结合响应面法对联合工艺进行优化.结果表明:FS对剩余污泥破解效果一般,只在开始阶段具有较好效果,随作用时间延长,破解效果未有显著提高甚至下降.UC对剩余污泥破解效果明显,随作用时间延长,破解效果显著提升,但能耗也随之增大,EDR（energy disintegration ratio,效能比）明显下降.相同作用时间下,UC破解效果优于FS破解效果,UC破解剩余污泥的DD_COD（degree of disintegration,破解率）与EDR均明显高于FS方法.单因素试验得出的较优FS作用时间范围为2~8 min,较优UC作用时间范围为5~15 min.响应面法试验结果显示,联合工艺的剩余污泥破解效果和能量利用率均优于单一方法,联合工艺中FS-UC工艺的破解效果优于UC-FS工艺.FS-UC工艺的最佳参数:FS处理5.6 min再UC处理15.0 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为50.8%,EDR为26.8%.UC-FS工艺的最佳参数:先UC作用15.0 min再FS作用7.8 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为36.5%,EDR为17.1%.研究显示,以DD_COD和EDR为指标,4种工艺的高效性顺序为FS-UC > UC-FS > UC > FS,其中FS-UC工艺具有能耗低、破解效率高的特点,是4种工艺中剩余污泥破解效果最好的一种工艺.      

TiO2/膨润土复合材料对Hg2+的吸附性能研究

利用纳米TiO_2对膨润土进行复合改性,制备TiO_2/膨润土复合材料.采用电镜扫描、X-射线衍射表征改性前后膨润土的结构和形貌.通过室内模拟实验,以膨润土为对照,研究不同添加量、pH、吸附时间及初始Hg~(2+)浓度等条件下,TiO_2/膨润土复合材料对Hg~(2+)的吸附特性与性能,同时通过正交试验,探究TiO_2/膨润土复合材料吸附Hg~(2+)的最优条件.结果表明,改性后的膨润土颗粒明显变小,且颗粒疏松多空孔,层间距增大.相比于膨润土,TiO_2/膨润土复合材料吸附性能得到极大提高.TiO_2/膨润土复合材料对Hg~(2+)的吸附率均随着添加量、pH、吸附时间的增大而增大,添加量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、pH为7.0、吸附时间为120 min时,吸附率达98.0%以上.但TiO_2/膨润土复合材料对Hg~(2+)的吸附率随着初始Hg~(2+)浓度的增大而减小.通过4种动力学模型拟合发现,吸附过程符合假二级动力学方程,吸附以化学吸附为主.吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温方程,属于典型的单分子层吸附,最大吸附量为20.66 mg·g-1.吸附Hg~(2+)的最优实验条件:添加量为2.0 g·L~(-1),pH为8.0,初始Hg~(2+)浓度为45 mg·L~(-1),吸附时间为16 h,此时吸附率99.9%,平衡浓度为0.034 mg·L~(-1).     

改进突变理论在井下排水方案优选中的应用

为了更精确合理地对新桥硫铁矿排水方案进行优选,对利用突变理论的方法进行优化,建立突变理论和熵权法相结合的改进模型。从经济和工程量方面出发,综合考虑了影响排水方案优选的3个层次的12个指标,统计样本数据。运用熵权法分层确定同一上层变量下各指标的客观权重,导入突变理论中,建立综合评价结构模型,消除了主观因素的影响。同时运用突变理论和EM-TOPSIS进行方案优选,通过对比3种方法的优选结果,证明了改进突变理论的可靠性与合理性。     

基于Matlab分析的台阶式场地平整方案优化设计

在某市餐厨垃圾处理厂场地平整设计中,利用Matlab软件对台阶式场地平整方案进行优化设计,即在Auto CAD环境下用等高线法计算各级台阶的土方量,用Matlab软件拟合出台阶设计高程和土方量的函数关系式,在约束条件下求解,得到了最优设计高程和基于土方挖填平衡条件下场地平整的最小土方工程量,为工程总平面布置提供优化方案。其分析设计方法可为工业企业台阶式场地的总平面布置设计提供借鉴。     

生态旅游环境教育解说系统优化研究——以莫尔道嘎国家森林公园为例

环境教育功能是生态旅游区别于非生态旅游的根本特点,伴随生态旅游的迅速发展,生态环境的保护问题越发受到关注,而完善的环境教育解说系统对于生态旅游区的影响日渐凸显.以莫尔道嘎国家森林公园为例,通过调查分析指出环境教育解说系统存在着解说媒介、解说形式、解说功能与解说管理的缺失等问题,并提出环境解说媒介多元化、环境解说形式活态化、环境解说功能化及环境解说管理规范化等优化路径,以期生态旅游的环境教育功能得到有效发挥.     

天津市夏季蜂窝状溶蚀器涂层溶液浓度确定的实验研究

于2013年7月1日～8月31日,在天津市南开大学理化楼楼顶,采用蜂窝状溶蚀器进行了溶蚀器涂层溶液最适浓度的探究实验.结果表明,在天津夏季,蜂窝状溶蚀器的碳酸钠涂层溶液最适浓度为3%,柠檬酸涂层溶液最适浓度为6%.含有溶蚀器系统的颗粒物采样法与传统采样法对比发现,含蜂窝状溶蚀器的采样系统所得到的PM2.5样品浓度有86%低于传统方法所得到的PM2.5样品浓度,其原因主要为1酸/碱性气体被去除,使其无法与富集在采样膜上的颗粒物发生反应,也无法吸附到颗粒物上;2溶蚀器系统采样过程中,部分颗粒物被捕集到溶蚀器上;3酸/碱性气体被去除,导致气-粒平衡被打破,部分颗粒物组分向气态转化.